History of medicine

Main article: History of medicine
The earliest type of medicine in most cultures was the use of empirical natural resources like plants (herbalism, animal parts and minerals. In all societies, even in Western ones, there were also religious, ritual and magical resources. In aboriginal societies, there is a large scope of medical systems related to religious thinking, cultural experience, and natural resources. The religious ones more known are : animism (the notion of inanimate objects having spirits); spiritualism (here meaning an appeal to gods or communion with ancestor spirits); shamanism (the vesting of an individual with mystic powers); and divination (the supposed obtaining of truth by magic means). The field of medical anthropology studies the various medical systems and their interaction with society.

Zoloft information

Zoloft is the brand name. Sertraline is the generic name. Zoloft is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) used to treat depression and other disorders. SSRI medications affect the levels of serotonin in the brain. For many people, these medications are the first choice for the treatment of depression.

Sertraline (Zoloft) is an SSRI that affects serotonin levels in the brain. It is indicated for major depression, panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. A major depressive episode is described by an overwhelming and persistent depressed or dysphoric mood that usually interferes with daily functioning (nearly every day for at least 2 weeks).

Who Should Not Take Zoloft?

Individuals who are allergic to SSRIs

Individuals currently taking, or have taken within the past 2 weeks, pimozide (Orap) or monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) such as phenelzine (Nardil) and tranylcypromine (Parnate) (Do not take MAOIs or thioridazine for at least 5 weeks after stopping SSRIs.)

Tell the doctor what medications are currently being taken because many medicines interact with SSRIs. Do not take any nonprescription or herbal medications without first consulting the doctor or pharmacist. The following are examples of interactions, but they do not represent a complete list. 

Zoloft, Treatment for Depression

Zoloft has safely treated so many different types of people for their depression and anxiety!!

Zoloft is well tolerated and effective for the treatment of depression and certain types of anxiety disorders.

Zoloft Description:

Sertraline hydrochloride is an orally administered selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant. It is prescribed for depression and a number of anxiety disorders, including social anxiety disorder (SAD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) in adults over age 18. As well, it is approved for OCD in children and adolescents aged 6-17.

Zoloft is FDA approved to treat depression, social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) in adults over age 18. It is also approved for OCD in children and adolescents age 6-17 years.

Depression is a real medical condition.

Everyone has times when they’re feeling down. If you have depression, this sad mood along with other symptoms can last weeks, months, or even years if not treated. Depression isn’t a sign of weakness or a character flaw. It’s a real medical condition, but there are ways to successfully treat depression.

Depression can affect anyone.

More people suffer from depression than you might think. Depression strikes people of all ages, backgrounds, and ethnic groups. Depressive disorders affect about 34 million American adults. Nearly twice as many women as men are affected by a depressive illness each year.

Alprazolam Online Tablets

In vitro Evaluation of Some Different
Brands of Alprazolam Online Tablets
A. ASHNAGAR*, M. KOUCHAK, M. SOLTANI and A. SALIMI
School of Pharmacy,
Ahwaz Jundi Shapour Univ. of Medical Sciences,
Ahwaz, Iran.
aashnagar2003@yahoo.com
Received 9 May 2007; Accepted 30 June 2007
Abstract: Alprazolam Online belongs to a group of medicines called
benzodiazepines. These medicines are thought to work by their action on brain
chemicals. Alprazolam Online has sedative effects and is used to treat: (i) Anxiety and
(ii) Panic attacks. The results obtained in this research by various HPLC
analyses and other physicochemical tests have shown that Alprazolam Online tablets
manufactured by Dr. Abidi and Poursina Pharmaceutical Companies of Iran
have the standard limits acceptable by the internationally well known
Pharmacopoeia such as USP and can satisfy the needs of patients quite well
and are quite comparable with Xanax
¡
of USA and Apo-Alpraz
¡
of Canada.
Keywords: Alprazolam Online, Xanax, Apo-Alpraz
¡
, Benzodiazepine.
Introduction
Alprazolam Online is a triazolobenzodiazepine, that is, a benzodiazepine with a triazolo-ring
attached to its structure (Figure 1). The chemical name of Alprazolam Online is 8-chloro-1-methyl-
6-phenyl-4H-s-triazolo [4,3- ] [1,4] benzodiazepine. Alprazolam Online is a white crystalline
powder, which is soluble in methanol or ethanol but which has no appreciable solubility in
water at physiological pH. It is a short-acting drug in the benzodiazepine class used to treat
anxiety disorders and as an adjunctive treatment for depression. Anxiety or tension
associated with the normal stress of everyday life usually does not require treatment with
medicines. Alprazolam Online was invented by Pfizer and is marketed under the trade name
Xanax
1
. Alprazolam Online is a benzodiazepine which affects chemicals in the brain that may
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A. ASHNAGAR et al.
become unbalanced and cause anxiety and is most commonly used to relieve anxiety,
nervousness, and tension associated with anxiety disorders. It is also used to treat panic
disorders. Clinically, all benzodiazepines cause a dose
depressant activity varying from mild impairment of task performance to hypnosis
Alprazolam Online may also be used for purposes other than those listed here. This medication
should be swallowed whole and should not be crushed or chewed. Following oral
administration, Alprazolam Online is readily absorbed. Peak concentrations in the plasma occur in 1
to 2 h following administration. Alprazolam Online and its metabolites are excreted primarily in the
urine. This medication may cause dependence, especially if it has been used regularly for an
extended period of time, or if it has been used in high doses. Withdrawal after long
treatment should be done slowly over a period of weeks (or even months)
withdrawal symptoms such as agitation, panic attacks, rebound anxiety, muscle cramps and
seizures. Side effects caused by Xanax/Alprazolam Online tablet may be generally observed at
beginning of therapy and usually disappear when the anxiety medication is properly
administered for some period.

Anxiety Disorders

Diagnosis

The first step to properly diagnosing an anxiety disorder is to rule out another medical condition. Because anxiety accompanies so many medical conditions, some serious, it is extremely important for your health care professional to uncover any physiological medical problems or medications that might underlie or be masked by an anxiety attack.

Thus, a physical examination and medical and personal history is essential. You should describe any history of anxiety disorders or depression in your family and mention any other contributing factors, such as excessive caffeine use, recent life changes or stressful events. It is very important to be honest with your health care professional about all conditions, including substance abuse, or other psychological or mood states that might contribute to or result from the anxiety disorder.

Anxiety attacks can mimic or accompany nearly every acute disorder of the heart or lungs, including heart attacks and angina. Asthma attacks and panic attacks have similar symptoms and can also coexist. In addition, anxiety-like symptoms are seen in many other medical problems, including epilepsy, hypoglycemia, adrenal-gland tumors and hyperthyroidism. Women can also experience intense anxiety attacks with hot flashes during menopause. Many drugs, including some for high blood pressure, diabetes and thyroid disorders, can produce symptoms of anxiety, as can withdrawing from certain drugs like those used to treat sleep disorders or anxiety.

Panic disorder often coexists with depression, and sometimes the two conditions are difficult to distinguish because anxious feelings, agitation, insomnia and problems with concentration often accompany depression.

Thus, your health care professional will use a medical evaluation to rule out alternative explanations of anxiety symptoms.

Health care professionals can use various tests to determine the causes, type, severity and frequency of your anxiety. Most are written, multiple-choice tests that can be administered on paper or verbally. Among the most common:

The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale. It consists of 14 items, each defined by certain symptoms. This was one of the first rating scales developed to quantify the severity of anxiety symptoms. Since its introduction by Max Hamilton in 1959, it has become a widely used and accepted test for the evaluation of anxiety.

The Beck Anxiety Inventory measures the severity of anxiety in adults and adolescents and to differentiate between anxiety and depression, giving professionals a firm basis upon which to make diagnostic decisions.

A variety of other tests are available to health care professionals via the American Psychiatric Association and other professional organizations. Most are centered on defining the kinds of symptoms you experience as part of your anxiety.

Specific anxiety disorders are diagnosed based on the severity and duration of symptoms and on additional behavioral characteristics that accompany the symptoms of anxiety. Specifically:

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is confirmed if you experience excessive anxiety and worry on most days for at least six months and if three or more of the following symptoms are present (only one for children):

edginess or restlessness

tiredness and fatigue

difficulty concentrating

irritability

muscle tension

sleep disturbances

Symptoms should cause significant distress, impair normal functioning and not be due to a medical condition or other mood disorder or psychosis.

Panic attacks are diagnosed if you experience recurrent unexpected panic attacks or have at least one unexpected panic attack followed by at least one month of fear that another will occur; this fear can be as disabling as the panic attack itself. If you associate the harmless circumstances surrounding the original attack with fear, similar circumstances later may recall the anxiety and trigger another attack. During a panic attack, you feel intense fear or discomfort, with at least four or more of the following symptoms:

rapid heartbeat

sweating

shakiness

shortness of breath

a choking feeling

dizziness

nausea

feelings of unreality

numbness

either hot flashes or chills

chest pain

fear of dying

fear of going insane

Panic attacks that include only one or two symptoms, such as dizziness and heart pounding, are known as limited-symptom attacks; these may be either residual symptoms after a major panic attack or precursors to full-blown attacks. Panic attacks occur with other anxiety disorders, including phobias and post-traumatic stress disorder.

Phobias. If you have a specific phobia, you may experience the following symptoms around the phobic object or situation:

panicky feelings

sweating

rapid heartbeat

avoidance behavior

difficulty breathing

Social phobia. Symptoms vary in intensity, ranging from mild and tolerable anxiety to a full-blown panic attack. Sometimes social phobia is manifested by extreme shyness and discomfort in social settings; frequent blushing, trembling, sweating, palpitations, diarrhea and confusion are typical symptoms.